Risk factors associated with acute kidney injury in a cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Patients with COVID-19 have a high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), which is associated with mortality. The objective of the study was to determine the factors associated with AKI in patients with COVID-19. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective cohort was established in two university hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia. Adults hospitalized for more than 48 h from March 6, 2020, to March 31, 2021, with confirmed COVID-19 were included. The main outcome was to determine the factors associated with AKI in patients with COVID-19 and the secondary outcome was estimate the incidence of AKI during the 28 days following hospital admission. RESULTS: A total of 1584 patients were included: 60.4% were men, 738 (46.5%) developed AKI, 23.6% were classified as KDIGO 3, and 11.1% had renal replacement therapy. The risk factors for developing AKI during hospitalization were male sex (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.73-2.99), age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03), history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR 3.61, 95% CI 2.03-6.42), High Blood Pressure (HBP) (OR 6.51, 95% CI 2.10-20.2), higher qSOFA score to the admission (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.14-1.71), the use of vancomycin (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.05-2.37), piperacillin/tazobactam (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.2-2.31), and vasopressor support (CI 2.39, 95% CI 1.53-3.74). The gross hospital mortality for AKI was 45.5% versus 11.7% without AKI. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort showed that male sex, age, history of HBP and CKD, presentation with elevated qSOFA, in-hospital use of nephrotoxic drugs and the requirement for vasopressor support were the main risk factors for developing AKI in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

Recomendaciones sobre la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes en diálisis y lista de espera de trasplante renal

Contexto las personas con diálisis se consideran una población de alto riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2, complicaciones y muerte. En Colombia, cerca del 44 % de la población en diálisis es menor de 60 años, adicionalmente, por los mismos retos que ha impuesto la pandemia a los programas de trasplantes, se ha incrementado notoriamente la población joven que debe seguir en diálisis al no tener opción a corto plazo de un trasplante renal, por lo tanto, las limitaciones en el acceso temprano a la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 agudizarían los problemas de esta población, provocando pérdidas considerables en años de vida que la vacuna podría salvar. Objetivo el objetivo del presente documento es sintetizar los principales motivos por los que se recomienda la priorización de la vacunación de los pacientes en diálisis crónica y lista de espera para trasplante renal. Metodología se realizó una búsqueda rápida de información sobre la vacunación en pacientes con ERC en diálisis o en espera de trasplante renal. La información resultante fue analizada críticamente por expertos en nefrología para la formulación de recomendaciones. Los resultados de la búsqueda se presentan a manera de síntesis narrativa. Resultados a partir de la información revisada y discutida por los expertos en nefrología se proponen 4 recomendaciones para la vacunación contra el virus SARS-Cov-2. Conclusiones la Asociación Colombiana de Nefrología e Hipertensión Arterial, la Asociación Colombiana de Nefrología Pediátrica y la Asociación Colombiana de Trasplante de Órganos, comprometidos con la salud de los pacientes con enfermedad renal en diálisis y listas de espera de trasplantes en Colombia, se unen a la solicitud mundial de generar recomendaciones para la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2.

Background People on dialysis are considered a high-risk population for SARS-CoV-2 infection, complications, and death. In Colombia, about 44% of the population on dialysis is under 60 years of age. In addition, due to the same challenges that the pandemic has imposed on transplant programs, the young population that must continue on dialysis has increased markedly, as they have no option in the short term of a kidney transplant, therefore, the limitations in early access to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 would exacerbate the problems of this population, causing considerable losses in years of life that the vaccine could save. Purpose The objective of this document is to summarize the main reasons why the prioritization of vaccination of patients on chronic dialysis and on the kidney transplant waiting list is recommended. Methodology A rapid search for information on vaccination in patients with CKD on dialysis or awaiting kidney transplantation was performed. The resulting information was critically analyzed by experts in nephrology for the formulation of recommendations. The search results are presented as a narrative synthesis. Results Based on the information reviewed and discussed by nephrology experts, 4 recommendations are proposed for vaccination against the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Conclusions The Colombian Association of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension (ASOCOLNEF), the Colombian Association of Pediatric Nephrology (ACONEPE) and the Colombian Association of Organ Transplantation (ACTO), committed to the health of patients with kidney disease on dialysis and transplant waiting lists in Colombia, join to generate recommendations for prioritization and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

Glomerular diseases related to HIV in Colombian population: Better outcomes with highly active antiretroviral therapy?

INTRODUCTION: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) related to HIV is becoming a leading cause of renal replacement therapy requirement is some areas of the world. Our study aims to describe the incidence and renal outcomes of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), and immune-mediated kidney disease related to HIV (HIVICK) in Colombia. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective cohort study was performed, including all HIVAN or HIVICK incident cases assessed by the infectious diseases division in a high complexity institution in Colombia, between 2004 and 2018. A longitudinal data model under the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) method was used to determine changes on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) over time. RESULTS: Within a cohort composed by 1509 HIV-infected patients, we identified 22 with HIV-associated glomerular disease. Cumulative incidence was 1.45%. At diagnosis, GFR was above 30 mL/min in 90.8% of patients, and 77.2% displayed sub-nephrotic proteinuria. Factors associated with GFR at diagnosis were: level of CD4 (Coefficient 0.113, CI 95 %: 0.046, 0.179, p < 0.01), and the inverse of the CD4/CD8 ratio. The GEE model did not demonstrate significant changes in the GFR over a 3-year period. Findings were similar when comparing GFR at diagnosis with GFR at 12 (-3.9 mL/min/1.73m2, CI 95% -7.3, 0.4, p = 0.98), 24 (-2.47 mL/min/1.73m2, CI 95% -7.0, 2.1, p=0.85), and 36 months (0.39 mL/min/1.73m2, CI 95% -4.4, 5.2, p = 0.43) of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with glomerular disease associated with HIV have stable GFR over a 3-year period, and low rates of progression towards dialysis requirement. Differences with previous reports could be related with early diagnosis and treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Toma de decisiones centradas en la familia en la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada. De la autonomía individual a la autonomía familiar o comunitaria / Family Centered Decision Making in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. From individual autonomy to family or community autonomy / Tomada de decisões centradas na família na enfermidade renal crônica avançada. Da autonomia individual à autonomia familiar ou comunitária

Resumen El aumento de la tasa de incidencia y prevalencia de la enfermedad renal crónica plantea desafíos y dilemas éticos que tanto pacientes como familiares y profesionales de salud deben enfrentar diariamente. El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar acerca de que, para la toma decisiones, los pacientes recurren a terceros como partícipes, lo que a nuestro juicio requiere un abordaje desde la autonomía solidaria. Se presenta el análisis de doce entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas a pacientes de 60 años o más, de distintos programas de la Unidad de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Colombia, entre 2017-2018. El artículo propone la necesidad de toma de decisiones centradas en la familia de los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas, antes de que su estado sea avanzado y los estados de inconciencia impidan su autodeterminación, considerando la determinación social de la autonomía.

Abstract The increase in the incidence and prevalence rate of Chronic Kidney Disease poses challenges and ethical dilemmas that patients, family members and health professionals must face daily. The objective of this article is to present a reflection on the way in which patients make recourse to third parties as participants in their decision-making, which would require an approach based on solidarity autonomy. The analysis of twelve semi-structured interviews conducted with patients 60 years of age and older, from different programs of the Nephrology Unit of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio in the period 2017-2018 Colombia, is presented. This article proposes the need for family-centered decision making of patients with chronic diseases, before their state is advanced and states of unconsciousness prevent their self-determination, considering the social determination of autonomy.

Resumo O aumento da taxa de incidência e prevalência da enfermidade renal crônica coloca desafios e dilemas éticos que tanto pacientes como familiares e professionais da saúde devem enfrentar diariamente. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir acerca de que, para a tomada de decisões, os pacientes recorrem a terceiros como partícipes, o que a nosso juízo requer uma abordagem a partir da autonomia solidária. Se apresenta a análise de doze entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com pacientes de 60 anos ou mais, de distintos programas da Unidade de Nefrologia do Hospital Universitário San Ignacio, Colômbia, entre 2017-2018. O artigo propõe a necessidade de tomada de decisões centradas na família dos pacientes com enfermidades crônicas, antes que seu estado esteja avançado e estados de inconsciência impeçam sua autodeterminação, considerando a determinação social da autonomia.

Impact of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection on Renal Graft Function.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infectious complication after renal transplantation. It is uncertain whether the development of UTI has an impact on renal graft function. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of complicated and recurrent UTI on 2-year renal graft function. METHODS: This was a historical cohort study in renal transplantation patients in a kidney transplant center. All renal transplant recipients from June 2004 to September 2016 were included. A linear regression analysis was performed to study the association between the outcome (variation in estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI] equation between month 1 and month 24 post-transplant) and the UTI. The approval of the Ethics and Research Committee to carry out this study was obtained. RESULTS: In total, 276 kidney transplants were performed during the observation period. Of the transplant patients, 193 (69.9%) did not develop a UTI and 83 (30.1%) presented at least 1 complicated UTI. Patients who presented at least 1 UTI had a variation in eGFR during the observation period of -12.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% confidence interval [CI] -4.5 to -20.7 mL/min/1.73 m2; P = .02), compared with those without a UTI. Said difference persisted in the adjusted model controlling for variables that have an impact on the eGFR. This difference was -10.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI -3.1 to -18.2 mL/min/1.73 m2; P = .006). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the occurrence of complicated UTI has a negative impact on graft function and that prevention and monitoring of UTIs should be stepped up to avoid their deleterious effects on graft function.

Recomendaciones para el uso racional de la prueba 25-hidroxivitamina D Resumen de política

está disponible en el texto completo

The exponential increase in the request for laboratory tests of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D or [25 (OH) D has ignited the alarms and generated a strong call for attention, since it may reflect deficiencies in the standardization of clinical practice and in the use non-systematic scientific evidence for decision-making in real life, which allows to analyze the indications of the test, its frequency, interpretation and even to assess the impact for health systems, especially when contrasted with the minimum or almost. No effects of the strategy of screening or supplying indiscriminately to the general population, without considering a comprehensive clinical assessment of risks and needs of people. From a purely public health impact point of view, the consequence of massive and unspecified requests is affecting most of the health systems and institutions at the global level. The primary studies that determined average population intake values have been widely used in the formulation of recommendations in Clinical Practice Guidelines, but unfortunately misinterpreted as cut points to diagnose disease and allow the exaggerated prescription of nutritional substitution. The coefficient of variation in routine tests to measure blood levels of 25 (OH) D is high (28%), decreasing the overall accuracy of the test and simultaneously, increasing both the falsely high and falsely low values. The most recent scientific evidence analyzes and seriously questions the usefulness and the real effect of the massive and indiscriminate practice of prescribing vitamin D without an exhaustive risk analysis. The available evidence is insufficient to recommend a general substitution of vitamin D to prevent fractures, falls, changes in bone mineral density, incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, neoplasms and also to modify the growth curve of mothers' children. They received vitamin D as a substitute during pregnancy. The recommendations presented in the document are based on the critical analysis of current evidence and the principles of good clinical practice and invite to consider a rational use of 25 (OH) D tests in the context of a clinical practice focused on people and a comprehensive assessment of needs and risks. The principles of good practice suggest that clinicians may be able to justify that the results of the 25 (OH) D test strongly influence and define clinical practice and modify the outcomes that interest people and impact their health and wellness. Currently there is no clarity on how to interpret the results, and the relationship between symptoms and 25 (OH) D levels, which may not be consistent with the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency reported. For this reason, it is suggested to review the rationale of the request for tests for systematic monitoring of levels of 25 (OH) D or in all cases where substitution is performed. Consider the use of 25 (OH) D tests within the comprehensive evaluation of people with suspicion or confirmation of the following conditions: rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyper or hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndromes, sarcopenia, metabolic bone disease.

Characterization of kidney transplant patients with expanded criteria donors / Caracterización de trasplantados renales con donantes de criterios expandidos

Abstract Introduction: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with chronic kidney disease; however, the number of donors is insufficient, and waiting lists grow exponentially each year. Transplantation from expanded criteria donors benefits a significant number of patients, improving their survival when compared to those who remain on dialysis. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of patients who have received transplants from expanded criteria donors and their renal function at the first and third years after transplantation. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted. Patients older than 18 years who received transplants from an expanded criteria donor were chosen between 2007 and 2015. Results: Of a total of 227 patients analyzed, 18 received transplants from an expanded criteria donor. The recipients were 59.5 years old (37-79) and had spent 22.4 months on the waiting list (2.6-77.8) and 4.5 years on dialysis (0.5-18.4). The donors' age was 61 years (50-73). Graft survival at one year was 88.9%; at three years, it was 80%. A total of 11.1% of the patients presented acute cellular rejection at one year, and the average glomerular filtration rate at the first and third years was 58.4 mL/min/1.73 m2. Conclusion: Patients who received transplants from expanded criteria donors have good kidney graft function at three years, with graft and patient survival, similar to that reported for patients who received transplants from standard criteria donors (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.36104/amc.2019.1185).

Resumen Introducción: el trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección para pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, sin embargo, el número de donantes es insuficiente y las listas de espera crecen exponencialmente cada año. El trasplante con donante de criterios expandidos beneficia a un número importante de pacientes, mejorando su supervivencia al compararlos con los que permanecen en diálisis. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características de pacientes trasplantados con donantes de criterios expandidos y su función renal al primer y tercer año del trasplante. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional. Se eligieron pacientes mayores de 18 años trasplantados con donante de criterios expandidos entre 2007 y 2015. Resultados: de un total de 227 pacientes analizados, 18 fueron trasplantados con donante de criterios expandidos. Los receptores tenían 59.5 años (37-79), tiempo en lista de espera de 22.4 meses (2.6-77.8), tiempo en diálisis de 4.5 años (0.5-18.4). La edad del donante fue 61 años (50-73). La supervivencia del injerto al año fue 88.9% y a los tres años de 80%. El 11.1% de los pacientes presentaron rechazo celular agudo al año y el promedio de la tasa de filtración glomerular al primer y tercer año fue de 58.4 mL/min/1.73m2 Conclusión: los pacientes trasplantados con donante de criterios expandidos tienen una buena función del injerto renal a tres años, con supervivencia del injerto y del paciente, similar a la reportada con donante con criterio estándar. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.n85).

Quiloperitoneo en diálisis peritoneal: reporte de caso y revisión sistemática de la literatura / Chyloperitoneum in peritoneal dialysis: a case report and review of literature

El quiloperitoneo es una condición infrecuente que se asocia a diálisis peritoneal; en la mayoría de los casos se puede confundir con peritonitis bacteriana, aunque puede ser la consecuencia de esta infección. Se reporta el desarrollo espontáneo de quiloperitoneo en un paciente de 54 años con enfermedad renal crónica secundaria a nefropatía diabética, en diálisis peritoneal manual desde hacía 5 años. El tratamiento consistió en suspensión temporal de la diálisis peritoneal, reposo intestinal, suministro de una dieta con alto contenido de ácidos grasos de cadena media e infusión de octreotide, con lo cual a los 10 días el paciente mostró mejoría, y se reinició la diálisis peritoneal. Una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura encontró 16 casos publicados (11 mujeres), con edades desde neonato hasta 88 años.

Chyloperitoneum is a rare condition associated with peritoneal dialysis. In most cases it is misdiagnosed as bacterial peritonitis, but it can also be a consequence of this infection. We present the spontaneous development of chyloperitoneum in a 54 year old patient with chronic kidney disease secondary to diabetic nephropathy, in manual peritoneal dialysis for 5 years. The treatment consisted of temporary suspension of peritoneal dialysis, bowel rest, supply of a diet with a high content of medium chain fatty acids and infusion of octreotide. After 10 days the patient showed improvement, and peritoneal dialysis was restarted. A systematic search of the literature found 16 published cases (11 women), ranging in age from newborn to 88 years.

Gastric sleeve surgery in hemodialysis: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Morbid obesity in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis limits access to renal transplantation. We report here a case of a surgical procedure for weight reduction in a hemodialysis patient and adjustment of dry weight through bioelectrical impedance. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old male with CKD on hemodialysis for 26 years. After 3 years on dialysis, he underwent a cadaveric kidney transplant. However, after 8 years of transplant, he loses the kidney graft and returns to dialysis treatment. The patient's BMI increased to 42 kg/m2 and he had difficult-to-control hypertension and severe sleep apnea. Behavioral, nutritional and pharmacologic measures were not sufficient to achieve an adequate weight control. Thus, a surgical procedure for weight reduction was considered. The patient underwent a laparoscopic gastric sleeve without any complications. Dry weight was adjusted through bioelectrical impedance before each hemodialysis session. The patient did not display hypotension, cramps, or fluid overload. After a 30 kg weight loss, the patient's BMI was 28.3 kg/m2, allowing registration on the kidney transplant waitlist. DISCUSSION: Obesity in CKD restricts access to kidney transplant waitlist. Bariatric surgery has proven to be safe and effective for sustained weight loss and it seems that the fact that a patient is dialysis dependent does not independently increase post-operatory complications. CONCLUSION: Surgical procedures for weight reduction in dialysis patients does not independently increase the risk for adverse outcomes after bariatric surgery. The estimation of DW through BIA is an effective method for avoiding complications generated by excessive or deficient ultrafiltration.

PTLD in a kidney receptor: case report / Enfermedad linfoproliferativa en el injerto renal. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

Abstract Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders (PTLDs) occur in 3 to 10% of adults with solid organ transplant (SOT). It has been associated with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Differential diagnostics of PTLD from rejection or viral infection is difficult when the tumor infiltrates the graft, because the clinical and histopathological findings are similar. We report a case of patient with chronic kidney disease due to Ig M glomerulonephritis with cadaveric donor kidney transplantation who presented proteinuria and decreased glomerular filtration rate, with a solid mass at renal graft and confirmatory histology of polymorphic renal transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), VEB positive, and CD 20 positive. The patient was treated with rituximab 375 mg / m2 weekly, four doses, followed by chemotherapy with ciclophosphamide, vincristine and doxorubicin. He didn't need radiotherapy or graft nephrectomy, with complete remission at one year of follow-up and optimal graft function.

Resumen Los desórdenes linfoproliferativos postrasplante (PTLD por sus siglas en inglés: Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative disorders) se presentan en 3 a 10% de adultos con trasplante de órgano sólido (TOS). Se ha asociado a infección por Virus Epstein Barr (VEB). Es difícil diferenciar PTLD de rechazo o infección viral, porque los hallazgos clínicos e histopatológicos son muy similares. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) secundaria a glomerulonefritis IgM, con trasplante renal de donante cadavérico, quien presentó proteinuria y disminución de la función renal, se le documentó una masa en el injerto renal compatible con desorden linfoproliferativo pos-trasplante renal de tipo polimórfico (PTLD), VEB positivo y CD 20 positivo. El tratamiento consistió en rituximab 375 mg/m2 semanales, cuatro dosis, se realizó control con imágenes y se adicionó el esquema CHOP (ciclofosfamida, vincristina, doxorubicina). El paciente toleró de manera adecuada la quimioterapia, no requirió radioterapia, ni trasplantectomía y después del R-CHOP la masa disminuyó de manera significativa hasta desaparecer al año de seguimiento manteniendo función óptima del injerto renal.

Sarcoma de Kaposi en trasplante renal, respuesta a sirolimus: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura científica / Kaposis sarcoma in renal transplant recipients, sirolimus utility: case report and literature revision

El cáncer en el paciente que ha recibido un trasplante es una enfermedad reconocida, con factores de riesgo demostrados e incidencia 3,12 mayor que en la población general. El sarcoma de Kaposi ocurre 400 a 500 veces más frecuentemente en el receptor de trasplante renal. Hicimos una revisión de la literatura científica a raíz del primer caso de sarcoma de Kaposi en nuestro grupo de trasplante renal del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio...

Cancer in transplant patients is a recognized disease, with risk factors demonstrated and an incidence of 3.12 times the general population.Kaposi’s sarcoma occurs 400-500 times more frequently in renal transplant recipients. We reviewthe literature of the first case of Kaposi’s sarcoma in our renal transplant group at the HospitalUniversitario San Ignacio...

Rabdomiolisis y falla renal aguda en un paciente con trastorno depresivo recurrente tratado con escitalopram y quetiapina: Case Report / Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure in a Recurrent Depressive Patient Treated with Escitalopram and Quetiapine

Objetivo: Describir un caso de rabdomiolisis y falla renal aguda asociado a la administración de quetiapina y escitalopram en un adulto joven en tratamiento por depresión recurrente. Métodos Descripción detallada del paciente y de su enfermedad actual, y revisión no sistemática de la literatura relevante. Resultados: Sujeto de 35 años con antecedentes de trastorno depresivo para el cual recibía escitalopram y quetiapina; presenta síntomas consistentes con rabdomiolisis y falla renal aguda luego de ingerir una sobredosis (900 mg) de quetiapina. La quetiapina y otros antipsicóticos han sido asociados a rabdomiolisis con o sin falla renal aguda. Igualmente, antidepresivos han sido asociados con episodios similares. El mecanismo que media tal asociación no ha sido encontrado. Conclusiones: Los antipsicóticos y los antidepresivos están asociados a rabdomiolisis en individuos con susceptibilidad biológica. Los efectos tóxicos de la serotonina pueden estar involucrados en tal asociación. Lo anterior obliga a su empleo cuidadoso en pacientes en riesgo de hiperfunción serotoninérgica.

Objective: To describe a case of quetipiane- and escitalopram-associated rhabdomyolysis and secondary acute renal failure in a young adult suffering from recurrent depression. Methods: detailed clinical description of the subject's case and relevant literature was reviewed. Results: A 35-year old male suffering from recurrent mayor depression treated with quetiapine and escitalopram, developed rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure after ingesting an overdose of quetiapine (900 mg). Quetiapine and other antipsychotics have been related with rhabdomyolysis with or without renal failure in association or not with neuroleptic malignant syndromes. Similarly, antidepressant medications, specially venlafaxine but not escitalopram, have been associated with rhabdomyolysis. However, the exact mechanisms involved in this association have are not clear. Conclusions: Antipsychotic and antidepressant medications have been associated with rhabdomyolysis in vulnerable subjects. Serotonin-mediated toxicity has been proposed as a plausible etiological factor in these cases. Thus, psychotropic medications involving this neurotransmitter should be used cautiously in subjects at risk for serotonin hyperactivity.

Tipificación de los consumidores de bebidas alcohólicas su relación con el estado nutricional y condición socieconómica en un área rural andina venezolana / Classification of the consumer of alcoholic beverage theirs relation with the nutritional state and socieconomic condition in a venezuelan andean rural area

Al constituir la ingestion de bebidas alcoholicas un problema sanitario, surge la necesidad de realizar una investigación de tipo observacional, descriptivo, transversal, que permita cuantificar la magnitud del problema a través de la categorización del tipo de bebedor existente en la Aldea Mesa Julia y establecer su relación con variables socieconómicos y nutricionales. Dicho estudio se realizó utilizando una encuesta de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas modificada por la Corporación Alcohólicos Anónimos, la misma fue aplicada al azar a 75 hogares y a personas mayores de 12 años, la información nutricional y socieconómica fue recolectada utilizando la encuesta socieconómica y antropométrica de la Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad de Los Andes. El tipo de bebedor predominante es el clasificado como de bajo riesgo y el bebedor peligroso, se destaca también que a medida que la ingestión de alcohol es mayor se pasa de una mal nutrición por exceso a una mal nutrición por déficit; el nivel socieconómico condiciona también ciertos aspectos del consumo

Epidemiología y control de la escabiosis en un área rural andina venezolana / Epidemiology and control of the scabies in a rural area Venezuelan Andean

Al diagnósticar la Situación Sanitaria de la Comunidad Rural de La Palmita, destaca como problema de salud la elevada morbilidad por Escabiosis, planteado como objetivo: Conocer su epidemiología durante el primer trimestre del año 2000. estableciendo medidas de control. Realizando un estudio: observacional-descriptivo, en población de 3482 habitantes, ejecutando examen físico, entrevistas clínico-epidemiológicas, visitas al hogar, resultando ser la escabiosis la segunda causa de consulta (11.86 por ciento), con una tasa por 100.000 habitantes, pacientes mayormente afectados son varones (60 por ciento), menores de 10 años (65,2 por ciento), la complicación más frecuente es la piodermitis (73.91 por ciento), presentandose mayormente en estratos socio-económicos bajos (87.69 por ciento), en hacinamiento (46 por ciento), servicio de agua deficiente, carencia de educación sanitaria (69.56 por ciento), en conclusión la escabiosis es una de las principales patologías que afecta a La Palmita, principalmente a los niños, la condicion de pobreza, hacinamiento y deficiencias en el abastecimiento de agua, son factores determinantes. El control debe realizarse por el equipo de salud del Ambulatorio y la comunidad, basado Educación Sanitaria, dotación de medicamentos, tratamiento médico y divulgación de medios higiénicas

Conocimientos y actitudes ante la fiebre en niños / Knowledge and attitude before the chilcren fever

La fiebre es la primera causa de consulta en la emergencia pediátrica, provoca en las madres conductas e interpretaciones erroneas y en los médicos diversas maneras de abordarla y tratarla. Determinar el conocimiento y actitud que poseen las madres pertenecientes al personal de salud y otras ocupaciones ante la presencia de la fiebre en sus hijos. Tipo de estudio: encuesta prospectiva realizada entre los meses de marzo-mayo del año 2001 a 389 madres de por lo menos un hijo entre 6 meses y 15 años de edad, 22 del personal de salud del Hospital I Bailadores, 367 de otras ocupaciones que acudían a la emergencia y consulta integral, el cuestionario exploró conceptos sobre fiebre, cifras, sitio de toma de temperatura, causas, acciones, medicamentos, temores y fuentes de información. El concepto de fiebre por temperaturas por arriba de 38 grados centígrados fue emitido en un 71 por ciento, siendo el sitio más usado el rectal para detectarla, o con el simple tacto 87 por ceinto, la causa infecciosa es la más difundida 82 por ciento, se considera la fiebre como dañina en un alto porcentaje para los dos grupos más del 95 por ciento, considerando quitar siempre la fiebre con antipiréticos 89 por ciento, siendo el acetaminophen en un 78 por ciento el fármaco de elcción, los medios medios físicos son más usados por el personal de la salud, el temor principal es dirigido hacia las crisis convulsivas 92 por ciento, se tiene como fuentes de información a los padres. El miedo exagerado que los padres tienen a la fiebre, se observa en los 2 grupos. El origen de este es la falta de educación en salud, se propone la realización de intervenciones educativas que deberían incluirse en el nuevo programa integral en salud